Many questions perplex us about the Nazis, about the atrocities they committed and about the beginnings of the Second World War. How could one of the most advanced, highly cultured, industrialized and modern nation states in Europe allow such horrors to come to pass? How could democracy be replaced so easily? How did an extremist party lurking at the fringes of political life take over the entire government in such a shot time without ever raising the wrath of the bigger parties or of the people? How did they establish a one party state without ever commanding a majority in any single election?

To answer these perplexing questions, Richard Evans takes us to the time of the Second Reich established by Bismarck and builds the story of the german nation and the foreign influences that moulded its thoughts and political structure in a well paced and minutely detailed history.

It was not a single person by the name of Hitler or a single freak party called the Nazis that precipitated this wild descent into madness that led Germany into the most devastating war in history. A wide variety of political, economic and ideological factors contributed to developing these events. Evans tries to track the growth of ideas such as antisemitism, radical nationalism, conspiracy theories and the cult of violence from the time of Bismarck. He starts the book withe the question "Why start with Bismarck?" and never really answers it. In my view, the origins of antisemitism and the wild support nazis enjoyed among protestant electorates could have been explored if one chapter had been dedicated to the history of germany before Bismarck and focussing on martin Luther and the protestant movement. But, as it is, Evans chose to not make it a study of the entire germanic history so as not to give us the impression that there was a historic inevitability to the whole process and because of this he never fully manages to convey the real reason for antisemitism and protestant support anywhere in the book, both of which are such prime candidates for investigation.

Even though this is a review of the book, because my real purpose of reading the book was to understand the course of events and the causal connections that led to the world war, I will try to trace out the history from a while earlier than Evans and then join his narrative as we get to Bismarck.

Antisemitism was a cultural phenomenon in Europe much before the Nazis and extreme violence against the Jews can be traced back to the First Crusade when they started being branded as 'Christ-killers' and were put in the same bracket as Muslims, progressed through the Inquisitions and Expulsions in various countries and culminated in the Final Solution in Nazi Germany.

There are two types of Antisemitism - Cultural and Religious. Cultural Antisemitism is defined as "that species of anti-Semitism that charges the Jews with corrupting a given culture and attempting to supplant or succeeding in supplanting the preferred culture with a uniform, crude, "Jewish" culture." Religious Antisemitism is the "christ-killer" version mentioned earlier. Cultural antisemitism was what was adopted by the Nazis (broadly allowing this category to allow for racial Antisemitism too which discriminates based on race).

Tracing back to the roots of antisemitism in Europe will take us to its deeply religious beginnings and this is probably why Evans chose to not cover it in detail. In any case, this religious hatred soon transformed into cultural and economic hated against their affluence and culminated in racial hatred once the budding ideas of Eugenics provided fuel to the fire.

In the context of the Industrial Revolution, Jews rapidly urbanized and experienced a period of greater social mobility. With the decreasing role of religion in public life tempering religious antisemitism, a combination of growing nationalism, the rise of eugenics, and resentment at the socio-economic success of the Jews led to the newer, and more virulent, racist antisemitism.

While these were pan-European trends, a dangerous precedent was set in Germany during the Protestant Reformation when Martin Luther described Jews as a "base, whoring people, that is, no people of God, and their boast of lineage, circumcision, and law must be accounted as filth." Luther wrote that they are "full of the devil's feces ... which they wallow in swine," and the synagogue is an "incorrigible whore and an evil slut". This treatise is supposed to have had a major influence on the Nazi movement.

Lutheranism was also ideologically very close to the kind of radical nationalism that motivated first Bismarck, then the far Right in Germany. The origins of the beginning of a sense of German identity began with the Protestant Reformation begun by Martin Luther that resulted in the spread of a standardized common German language and literature.

The Three Reichs

The whole of modern German history has been a nostalgic and mad attempt at regaining the old glories of the Holy Roman Reich which was also called the 'Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation'. This was soon ended by the Napoleonic Wars that threw Germany into confusion and made it a faction of warring states. Advocacy of a German nation began to become an important political force in response to the invasion of German territories by France under Napoleon. And the more distant Germany grew from that state, the more they remembered the First Reich as the ideal state when Germany was superior and dreamed of returning to these glory days.

When finally Bismarck successfully unified Germany again in 1871, he became the 'ideal leader' who was bringing back the old order and a national hero for defeating those hated French who had humiliated Germany earlier. He even called this unified germany The Second Reich.

Bismarck and Germany was obsessed with unification by any means, by "iron and blood". After his defeats of Denmark and Austria, France declared war on Germany, which ended with a thumping German victory and annexations of parts of France. Soon the new German Empire was established as a federation of 25 states with the King of Prussia as the Emperor. Ironically enough, this royal coronation and proclamation as the emperor of Germany was conducted at Versailles. Bismarck himself was elevated to the position of Imperial Chancellor.

After his initial military campaign, Bismarck spent the est of his life trying to achieve political stability in Europe and forging alliances. He was also instrumental in Germany not participating in the wild colonial acquisitions that the rest of Europe obsessed about. But with the death of the old king, the new Kaiser Wilhelm II came into power, and his careful foreign policies fell into disfavor, the new Emperor seeking rapid expansion and colonization. He was forced to resign from the Reichstag and died soon after. Under Wilhelm II, Germany was to pursue belligerent policies that polarized the major European powers who were soon to unite with France against Germany in time for the First World War.

Bismarck's most important legacy was the unification of Germany. Following this unification, Germany became one of the most powerful nations in Europe. However, this was not the complete re-unification that the people wanted and many felt that something was yet left to be done by another Leader or Führer. The figure of Bismarck became legend and the romantic ideal of a leader for the german people became someone who was a militaristic dictator who would do anything for the nation. Bismarck, a devout Protestant also left a legacy of anti-Catholicism in Germany which led to the vast protestant electorates that fueled Nazi ascension later on. He also left a legacy of anti-socialism and suppression.

The First World War

After having dismissed Bismarck, William II was to launch a foreign policy that culminated in the fatal decision to support Austria-Hungary in 1914 that precipitate the World War. His policies led to the gradual weakening of the bonds Bismarck had formed with Russia an with Austria-Hungary. Meanwhile France had recovered from its last defeat and was itching for revenge. French soon formed treaties with Britain and then Britain with Russia, thus forming the Triple Entente. An increasingly insecure Germany started an arms race which escalated very fast throughout Europe. Austria-Hungary in its own expansion drive started a conflict with Serbia which ended in a declaration of war with them. Russia decided to support the Serbs and once Germany announced support for Austria-Hungary, France too joined the fray, with UK joining them soon.

Germany was the biggest power in Europe at this time and entered the war expecting huge gains and certain victory. They annexed huge portions of Russia and laid down draconian laws under the military legend Hindenburg. They incurred huge debts expecting to repay them with the spoils of war. But once their strategic mistakes led to America entering the war, it all went quickly downhill for them culminating in the Treaty of Versailles. The period before this had also seen the German Revolution that led to the establishment of a republic called the Weimar Republic and the Kaiser Wilhelm II fled the country. It was this Weimar Republic that had negotiated and signed the Treaty of Versailles.

Hindenburg and other senior German leaders tried to soften the defeat by spreading the story that their armies had not really been defeated. This resulted in the stab-in-the-back legend, which attributed Germany's defeat to intentional sabotage of the war effort by insiders, particularly by Jews, Socialists, and Bolsheviks. This led to the denouncement of the Weimar Republic government leaders who signed the Armistice on November 11, 1918, as the "November Criminals". Conservatives, nationalists, ex-military leaders and political theorists began to speak critically about the peace. Weimar politicians, socialists, communists, Jews, and sometimes even Catholics were viewed with suspicion due to presumed extra-national loyalties. It was claimed that they had not supported the war and had played a role in selling out Germany to its enemies.

The Treaty of Versailles was particularly harsh in its terms but Richard Evans draws our attention to the fact that the terms that Germany had envisaged on successful defeat of its enemies were far worse and even the treaty force on Russia was comparable. The Treaty asked Germany to take full responsibility for the war and to make heavy annual reparation payments to the victorious allies. The total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion Marks in 1921 which is roughly equivalent to US $442 billion in 2012. The final payments were made on 4 October 2010. It also forced rapid disarmament and restrictions on weapons manufacture and limitation on military troops to 100,000.

The conditions of the Treaty was to be decisive in many ways as the reparation payments pushed german economy over the brink and the military restrictions left german military mostly a spectator to internal changes and led to rapid gain in the importance of the paramilitary and the police. At the same time it led to a repressed rage among the german people that cascaded a series of political events that led to the radicalization of the entire political atmosphere.

Adolf Hitler

Hitler was not German. He was born in Austria and his family emigrated to and from Germany in his early years. His father was serving in the Austrian Government and his conflicts with his father was among the reasons postulated as having caused Hitler to develop a strong affinity for Germany and a hatred for Austria. He started considering Germany his spiritual homeland. Hitler dreamed of becoming an artist but his strict and architectural paintings were rejected as unfit by the Academy of Fine Art in Vienna. This led him to cultivate a deep anti-establishment mentality.

This was also the time when the Weimar Republic was experiencing strong political difficulties and the theories of Social Darwinism, Nationalism and Eugenics were gaining in popularity. Hitler grew up reading some of the early propagandists of these theories and they deeply influenced him. Driven by these impulses Hitler joined the Bavarian army to fight for Germany in the First World War. During the war he was injured and taken to a remote hospital to recuperate. Hitler too the rest of Germany had gone into the war with assured victory and future glories of his nation in mind.

When news finally reached him of Germany's loss and of the Treaty, he was deeply shocked, humiliated and scarred for life. He was soon to pick up on the concepts of the stab-in-the-back legend and of the "November Criminals" to explain this to himself and to fuel his hatred and his ascension.

He returned and continued working for the army and drifted though various movements before finding a mentor who recognized that Hitler was a good orator. Soon Hitler was using is speaking skills to motivate various factions under the direction of his superiors. He became a leading speaker at the National Socialist German Workers Party and soon became their leader and tendered his resignation to the army. His vitriolic speeches and charisma transformed the party and soon their numbers began to swell and his speeches started to attract huge attendance.

As the Nazi party grew, Hitler fueled by his hatred for the government and inspired by Mussolini, organized a coup or a "Putsch" to seize power and was completely thwarted and thrown into jail. This convinced him and the party that they have to keep up appearances of legality and come to power through the democratic system itself.

A gradual rebuilding of the Nazi party and a building up of it paramilitary wing was pursued after this even as the Hitler Personality Cult grew and grew and grew. They were waiting for an opportunity to make the first push towards power. Until this time only the radical right wingers and the nationalists were joining the party. Then came the Great Depression. Nazis used the fear and the confusion to drive home their ideology and became more popular party. In the 1932 election, two years into the depression, Hitler came second to Hindenburg but was already a force to be reckoned with, with over 35% votes, mostly from protestant electorates and Prussia.

The inability to form a majority government lead to Hindenburg inviting Hitler to be the Chancellor of Germany in 1933. The party still had no political majority and Hitler was intended to be only a rubber stamp. But then came the famous Reichstag Fire Decree, which was the response to the parliament being set on fire by an alleged communist party member. this gave Hitler an excuse to allege a Communist Plot against Germany and suspend basic rights and undertake a violent suppression of the Communist party, which was a much bigger party than the nazis in terms of parliamentary representatives. He then called for a re-election. With the Communist Party effectively suppressed, Nazis were able to gain a majority vote but was still short of the 51% required for an absolute majority.

Even though Hitler did not command a full majority, he was able to pressurize the parliament to vote for an Enabling Act. THis was achieved by banning Communist and Nation Socialist party members from attending the vote, which effectively made the Act illegal by all standards. Nevertheless, the vote was passed and the Act gave the Nazis complete legislative control for the next four years.

The Act was soon used to give an appearance of legality to what turned out to be a systematic and grotesquely violent suppression of all other political parties. All political opposition was wiped away with street violence, killings and finally formal dissolution of the parties. The Nazi paramilitary wing was given the right of the Police and was free to commit any atrocities and the military were soon reconciled and made an ally. Soon Nazis were organizing a campaign to make all social groups such as sports organizations and social clubs to be centralized under the Nazi banner in a process they called "Synchronization".

With the political parties suppressed and all chances of any discordant voices eliminated, the Nazis finally let loose their racial campaigns and massacres and systematic eradication of Jews, Socialists and Communists from all social, political and economic positions in the entire country.

Thus with Hitler as the Supreme Commander in charge of what he called The Third Reich, with his minions wrecking havoc and with the German people perplexed at how all this came to pass, Richard Evans takes leave of us, daring us if we have the heart to continue the journey in the next book.history-europe r-r-rs reference ...more115 s Matt960 29k

In the life of every World War II buff, there comes a point where he or she must ask this question: Have I read enough books about the Nazis? Actually, with the arrogance of youth, I thought I’d never come to that point.

Let’s face it, the Nazis are fascinating. There has never been, and God willing will never be again, anything them. It’s not just that they killed a lot of people because, unfortunately, genocide is nothing new to history. It’s the way they did it. The concept of evil is mushy and ill-defined, but if there is such a thing as “evil,” it was personified by the Nazis. They were the worst thing to ever exist in the world. Bar none. You cannot compare them to anything. They combined Germanic precision with a sociopath’s mindset and a Hollywood art director’s wardrobe (Come on! They wore black freaking uniforms with skulls on the collars! It would be over-the-top laughable if it weren’t all true).

Upon finishing Richard Evans’ The Coming of the Third Reich, however, I started to question my appetite.

This won’t be the last Nazi book I read, but I can definitely see the end. There have been thousands of books written about the Nazis, including William Shirer’s famous touchstone, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. There have been cultural histories, military histories, economic histories, and biographies of just about every leading Nazi. If you’re going to publish a new book, you really need to have something to offer: a fresh angle, a new interpretation, or some exceptional storytelling ability. The Coming of the Third Reich did not meet any of those criteria (which I admittedly just made up while sitting on my couch eating slices of baby Swiss cheese straight out of the packet).

The Coming of the Third Reich is the first volume in a trilogy that focuses on the rise and fall of Nazism. This opening installment begins, briefly, during the reign of Bismarck and the unification of Germany. After an equally brief survey of pre-World War I Germany, the book starts in earnest with the Treaty of Versailles and the birth of the Weimar Republic. It ends in mid-1933, after Hitler has become Chancellor of Germany and the Reichstag has burned.

It has an admirable scope, and because it is a trilogy, with room to breathe, it can discuss a lot of different things in one place. Accordingly, you get healthy discussions on Germany’s various pre-Hitler anti-Weimar political parties, the role of propaganda, the dire economic situation (and its effect on the already-shaky Weimar regime), and the latent anti-Semitism endemic to Germany since time immemorial, which started to mutate after World War I.

However, it all feels done before. I’m sure there are subtle differences in scholarship, and I appreciated the modernity (Shirer’s Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, for instance, published in the 60s, is rife with crass homophobia), but looking at the big picture, I didn’t feel this added anything new to my knowledge of the Third Reich. Moreover, Evans neatly sidesteps answering the looming questions posed by Saul Friedlander and Daniel Jonah Goldhagen regarding the birth of German anti-Semitism and the culpability of the German people. Both Friedlander and Goldhagen have wrestled with this question; Evans pretends that it doesn’t exist. In this dry, sober account, nothing close to a controversial point is raised. This is quintessential just-the-facts history. And to be fair, Evans, a Cambridge professor, certainly has his facts in order, as you can see if you peruse the 70 pages of notes.

The closest Evans comes to having a twist on this story is his subtly-indicated belief that Hitler was not central to the Third Reich’s arrival. Evans argues (and again, I stress subtly) that the gestational environment, political leadership, and party apparatus that pushed the Third Reich into power existed before Hitler, and might have birthed it even without his assistance (though, inarguably, in some different form). Perhaps out of some sense of decorum, Evans never comes out flat and makes this case; instead, he does it by telling the story of the Third Reich almost entirely without Hitler. It was, in a word, strange. Hitler wasn’t simply diminished; rather, for hundreds of pages, he doesn’t even show up.

I had two problems with this.

First, in a narrative sense, removing Hitler takes away your most interesting character. At the risk of crudely reducing the Holocaust to comparative literature, it’s akin to removing Ebenezer Scrooge from A Christmas Carol or Pip from Great Expectations. (On second thought, I’d have d Pip removed from Great Expectations) By keeping Hitler at a distance, you also keep the reader at a distance, because there is no other human on which to focus. For hundreds of pages, all talk is about the abstractions of ideas and ideology. Meanwhile, all sense of the flesh and blood experience – and make no mistake, however evil he was, Hitler was human – is obliterated. Evans half-heartedly includes some diary snippets of ordinary Germans, to remind us that these events happened on earth, to real people, rather than in history books, but it isn’t quite enough. It’s a shame, too, because the best parts of The Coming of the Third Reich occur when Evans does attempt to follow a single person through these momentous times. I enjoyed, for instance, the story of Victor Klemperer, a Jewish professor who’s diary reminisces on the Great Inflation were particularly illuminating. (The Great Inflation is simply mind-boggling, with people collecting their weekly salary in wheelbarrows).

The second problem is that I just don’t swallow the idea that Hitler wasn’t the alpha and omega of the Third Reich. Evans is correct to argue that the post-World War I Weimar regime was perfectly suited for the kind of radical movement embodied by the Third Reich. (A short list of those conditions include humiliation on the battlefield, a search for scapegoats that began and ended with Jews, crippling reparations, an ineffectual democratic government, and finally massive hyperinflation followed by the Great Depression). However, you can never convince me that anyone but Hitler could have used these events to do the same things Hitler did. In ordinary times, Hitler would have been committed by a mental health board and placed in a locked facility. In these extraordinary times, he became Chancellor of Germany. Sure, Hitler’s ascension was partially a quirk of fate, but it was his particular genius that allowed him to ascend, and once he got to the top, he had definite ideas about the way things should go (in other words, I’m strongly in Ian Kershaw’s “working toward the Fuhrer” camp).

My reading experience might have been salvaged by particularly graceful writing. The best I can say on that topic is that this was easier to read than Michael Burleigh’s The Third Reich: A New History. Okay, that’s not entirely justified. I should say that Evans is a mostly-unobtrusive writer. This is the kind of book that could’ve been written by anyone. Well, almost. I was annoyed with Evans’ tic of interjecting clauses into every other sentence. After his 1,000th use of “indeed” to break up a sentence, I started to wonder if he had some kind of bet going with his publisher.

One’s reaction to a book is quite often contextual. I realize, upon further consideration, that the biggest mark against The Coming of the Third Reich is that it’s just another in a long line of Nazi books I’ve read. If you’re coming to the subject without a lot of background, you could do worse than start and finish with Richard Evans. On the other hand, if your wife refuses to let guests into your study because your bookshelf is studded with swastika-stamped bindings, you might want to let this one pass.
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I wanted to read this for a variety of reasons, but the main reason was that I wanted to get a clearer picture of how a Western democracy - 1920s Germany in this instance - could devolve into a violent terroristic regime the Nazis. I'm worried about some of the parallels I'm seeing today, I get eery feelings that what happened in Germany, the circumstances that allowed for democracy to devolve into violent terroristic regime, is being replicated in today's circumstances facing contemporary Western democracies. The possibility of contemporary democracies falling into more radical governments fueled by hate, anger, and the politics of exclusion is possible in any country, imo. In fact it is already happening, the question is how far we will fall.

Of course there are many reasons for the rise of the Nazis and how this could have happened in a developed, educated, Western democracy. The ridiculous crippling vengeful victory terms set out by the Allies was a major factor, helping lead to multiple economic crises for Germany in the 20s.

But the biggest thing was that regardless of why these economic crises were taking place, there started to be a trafficking in a narrative of conspiracy theories that angrily blamed specific groups for the suffering, for the political/cultural/economic degradation of Germany. These groups included Jews, the Catholic Church, feminists, homosexuals, liberals, foreigners, global banking elite (run by the Jews, so it was claimed), etc etc. I just can't help but feel we are seeing the same thing today, except instead of Jews it has become Muslims and immigrants who are blamed and targeted.

I was relatively familiar with most of the reasons the Nazis came to power. But I'll share the major point I discovered and was struck by: in 20s Germany there was a rise in 3rd rate tabloid newspapers, and the circulation rose astronomically. It was these papers that helped traffic the angry hateful conspiracy theories that blamed and targeted all the groups I mentioned in the previous paragraph. The existence and importance of these tabloid papers fueling conspiracy theories struck me, because it reminded me of today's internet and the rise of 3rd rate internet media sites that traffic in the exact same kind of hateful/angry conspiracy theories targeting and blaming specific groups. It's sad how much sway these kinds of sites have over a large swath of the public. But their lurid, bombastic, emotionally manipulative style of disinformation has proved very easy to digest, just the tabloid papers in 20s Germany. Also I need to give a nod to a few mainstream media players, their participation in fueling these kind of conspiracy theories is also noted and not ignored.

A few other elements that help to lead to a democracy's downfall: a population facing political and economic strife, being primed with ethno-nationalistic grievances... add in a cult of personality figure who steps into this mix (Hitler) who expertly leverages these grievances through riveting powerful speeches and a ruthless cunning political brilliance... and a political class that is so morally and politically cowardly, that they not only capitulate before these powers but they actively enable and champion the leader of the cult (Hitler) and his political movement, a movement which they fully know is dangerous and wrong - although I should note that not all in the political class are selfish cynics, some actually are true believers in the movement. But in the end, broadly speaking the political class is willing to sacrifice their morals for the sake of selfish careerism...

Richard Evans does a fantastic job imo. I love the fact that he leaves out moralizing and avoids too much editorializing. It makes for a stronger recounting of the history. And frankly I can judge for myself the terribleness of the actions, I don't need the writer needing to cram their moral outrage down my throat. I'm sufficiently outraged as it is, thank you very much ;)

I never could understand how Hitler and the Nazis came to power. But with what I'm seeing in contemporary Western democracies, I get it now. I really do. :(all-time-favorites history57 s Lewis WeinsteinAuthor 9 books534

UPDATE 3/7/14 ...

Evans presents a powerful picture of the Nazi takeover before and after Hitler's appointment as Chancellor on Jan 30, 1933.

However - and it is a huge however - I am finding too many examples where statements are made by Evans without any footnotes, and also omissions of "inconvenient evidence" which contradicts his conclusions.

For example, Evans totally buys the story that a Dutch Communist named Lubbe was the sole perpetrator of the Reichstag fire ... Evans: Lubbe confessed to starting the fire ... it was confirmed by subsequent investigation that he had worked alone ... and does not mention a contemporaneous memorandum by Ernst Oberfohren (published a few days before he committed suicide or was murdered) that Joseph Goebbels thought up the idea of burning down the Reichstag and that Hermann Goering supervised the actual burning.

Evans also reports, without attribution or documentation, that: Cardinal Faulhaber condemned the secular foundations of the Weimar Constitution as 'blasphemy' and in 1933, welcomed the promise of Nazi leadership to restore strong Christian foundations to the German state.

These are both controversial matters and I find it disturbing that Evans, who provides numerous footnotes, fails to do so here.

MORE TO COME ...

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PREVIOUS COMMENTS ...

A brilliantly clear and comprehensive exposition of the complex events of 1930-32 which led to the appointment of Hitler as Reich Chancellor on January 30, 1933, corresponding exactly to the next chapter(s) I will be writing in my novel-in-progress CHOOSING HITLER.

Evans paints a heartbreaking scenario of the many opportunities (albeit with hindsight) whereby Hitler could have been stopped. These include ...

... Nov 1932 vote was a disappointment to NS leaders … they had gathered splinter party votes but had not made inroads into Social Democrat or Centre Party voters … a feeling (among NS leaders) that NS vote may have peaked … Goebbels: "we won't get to an absolute majority this way ... something must happen ... the time for (electoral) opposition is over ... now deeds!" ... Goebbels and Hitler agreed that, if they stuck to a parliamentary route to power, the stagnation of their vote suggested that the situation might start to slip out of their grasp ... Hitler's only open route to power was to get appointed Chancellor

... the unwillingness of the Centre Party (Catholic) and the Social Democrats (socialist) to work together ... NS now (Nov 1932) had less seats (196) than the combined two Marxist parties - Communists (100) + Social Democrats (121) = 221 … Centre Party had 70 seats ... the Nazis were jubilant at the failure of the Social Democrats and trade unions to respond to the Papen coup … Goebbels wrote in his diary … "They have missed their big chance. It's never going to come again."

... the arrogant assumptions by the military and some industrialists that Hitler could be used but also controlled ... Schleicher: if Hitler establishes a dictatorship in Germany, the army will be the dictatorship within the dictatorship ... Papen: within two months we will have pushed Hitler so far into a corner that he'll squeak

... the evident peaking of the Nazi electorate ... the NS vote (Nov 1932) fell from 13.7 million to 11.7 … seats fell from 230 to 196 ... in local elections held in Thuringia (in Dec 1932) the NS vote plummeted by 40% from the previous July … NS was virtually bankrupt

This is where the Nazis stood on Jan 1 1933. Yet just 30 days later, Hitler was Chancellor.

What made this turnaround possible was the fact that parliamentary government no longer functioned in Germany. The country was run by Presidential decree, exercised through an appointed Chancellor. Hindenburg, in his 80s and after 7 years as President, was tired and declining. He never considered democratic alternatives. There was no effective leadership from the more moderate parties.

... after 1930 election, Reichstag virtually unmanageable … 107 brown-shirted, uniformed Nazis joined 77 well-organized Communists … raising incessant points of order, chanting, shouting, interrupting, demonstrating their total contempt for the legislature at every juncture ... power drained from the Reichstag ... every session ended in an uproar ... soon came to seem pointless to meet at all ... after Sept 1930 only negative majorities were possible .. in Feb 1931, Reichstag adjourned itself for 6 months - did not return until Oct ... from July 1932 to Feb 1933, Reichstag convened for 3 days in 6 months

a-history-bio-memoir a-research46 s Anthony241 66

The Relentless Rise.

Sir Richard J Evans writes in his opening paragraph that this book is not aimed at the expert seeking groundbreaking theory into the rise of the Third Reich. What he says is it is a book which focuses on the Nazis as a whole as they gain power in the Weimar Republic. He states he hopes that the newcomer will gain their understanding and the learned scholar will hopefully gain snippets of new information. I place myself in between both, although a student of history my degree did not focus on 1920-30s Germany. I can say that this is a good book, not mind blowing or revolutionary, but solid.

Well written and easy to follow, there is also true analysis, which is what I am seek when picking up history books. Another excellent example of this is Dominic Lieven’s Towards the Flame. I was able to obtain what Evans actually thought about how the NSDAP came into power, with the unique social and economic conditions of the time in a politically weak environment. The Weimar Republic was not wanted by many, if at all any German and they did not want to defend it. The Nazis were able to manipulate, bully and charm their political rivals into believing they could be trusted, worked with and even controlled as they gained more and more power (but not as it seems that many votes, only 34% percent the electorate at their height!). But with a charismatic leader and a brilliant propagandist at the helm they were able to play on myths and human emotions of the time to force through their ideology.

Evans explains it was a ‘counter-Revolution’ looking to place Germany socially back into the late medieval period, rejecting the ideas of the French Revolution which were the foundation of so many regimes of the dark continent of early 20th Century Europe.

I throughly enjoyed this book and can’t wait to pick up the next volume of the three part series. However I’m glad I read Sir Ian Kershaw’s Hitler which really gave me an understanding of some of the ideas and background to the growth of anti Semitism in the period. More reading is definitely required but this is a good place to start and has something to offer everyone.germany wwii32 s Wick WelkerAuthor 7 books455

Normalizing political violence, ultra-nationalism and the paramilitary.

This is a phenomenal and accessible historical account of the rise of the Nazi party from around the turn of the century to 1933 when the party finally took control of Germany by legal means. I found the account given to be fairly disimpassioned, factual but also told in an engaging way. We get a little historical backdrop of Bismarck 2nd Riech and the ultra-nationalist and authoritarian roots that were already laid down well before the turn of the century—roots that endured well and eventually helped support the overthrow of the Weimar Republic.

The rise of the Nazi party took several decades and happened from a combination of happenstance and several factors. A combination of economic upheaval, military loss, widespread propaganda, ultra-nationalism, conspiracy theories, normalizing political violence, proliferation of paramilitary groups and ethnic resentment all contributed to the rise and take over of the Nazi party. It seemed the foundation of the Weimar republic was on shaky footing to begin with. It was parliamentary political legislation with a representative electorate consisting of chiefly social democrats, liberals, central and conservative parties. It was a fractured coalition from the onset. It was also an extremely fractious time during the inception of the republic with each political group having their own paramilitary and siloed off worlds of party propaganda. The communist party was becoming very popular, especially in the context of the Bolshevik revolution. The communist party within Germany wanted the same thing the Bolsheviks did: a vanguard revolution and overthrow of the government. The nationalists at this time were conservative and wanted the return of the Bismarcian monarchy reich. It’s a myth that the Weimar republic was on its way to being a healthy and stable democracy. It was birthed and reared within boiling political turmoil which proved fatal for the republic. It was very far from achieving stability from the beginning.

This book covers a small portion of World War I and mostly deals with the aftermath. Two major contributors to forming the Nazi party came as a consequence of WWI: hyperinflation and conspiracy theorists. The Republic spent when it had no assets to keep their own economy afloat and also to pay for war reparations. The hyperinflation at this time is truly mind boggling to even comprehend and is still historic to this day. Here’s some perspective: the mark went from about 10 to 1 to US dollars to 4 trillion to 1. ?Read that again. Prices for something such as bread changed hourly. I can scarcely imagine the type of psychological trauma and scarring this would cause to a people. All of this trauma naturally leads to tons of scapegoating. Enter anti-semtisim which was alive and well but mostly fringe. The “stabbed in the back” conspiracy started to proliferate, blaming some sort of clandestine cabal of Jews for Germany's WWI defeat. The nascent Nazi party at this time was still extremely unpopular and they didn’t start these conspiracies but they helped nurture and consolidate them into more palatable messaging.

Now pair this with leftist extremism happening at the same time. The bohemian socialists started to take over Bavaria and even declared it to be a social state. A bolshevik regime was even started in Munich and took orders from Lenin with its own paramilitary group. The Marxsists and communists seemed to truly desire what people feared they did: a violent revolution. This is all happening while the social democrat party enjoyed wide support and seemed to take comfort, and even be pacified, by the gentilism of law and the Republic. But it seemed the social democrats were too short sighted and too politically brittle to understand the ultra-nationalist protest backlash that was decades in the making that was coming a tidal wave.

Enter the rise of Hitler who came to prominence not because he was an eloquent speaker, he was a masterful propagandist. The Nazi party was still on the fringe but started to consolidate into an ethos that consisted of anti-establishment, anti-republic, anti-democratic, anti-semetic, anti-marxists, and anti-communist. They were the party of protest. They were also a contortionist party, crafting rhetoric to meet and galvanize its audience. It ultimately was a party that stood for very little principle other than achieving power. They were a party of deep nihilism. They even borrowed socialist rhetoric and at one point called themselves nationalist socialists. And in a way they were a brand of socialism although a highly ethnically pure and ultra-nationalist version of socialism that was very different from Marxism and communism then and now.

Inspired by Mussolini’s coup in Italy, Hitler tried the Beer Hall Putsch thing which didn’t go over very well. And then he went to prison and wrote his stupid book while the Nazi party was actually made illegal at this point. (So much for censorship). The Nazi party was starting to build pretty good infrastructure but were still very fringe. But they got exactly what they needed to catalyze them into popularity: The Great Depression. The communists surged during the depression and were a fairly violent and extremist group who were more focused on seizing power away from the social democrats. The left wind infighting made everyone who politically mattered at this time kind of blind to the awful potential of the Nazi party.

And then the Nazi party got serious about legally taking control of the country. They continued to streamline their propaganda and their messaging and started to seize more of the voting electorate. They made enormous electoral gains in 1930, although never enjoying a majority. The party then gained even more seats and became the dominant party along with the communists, both of whom wanted to destroy the parliament. It was the normalizing of political extremism that made the republic crumble. The Nazi party became the rainbow coalition of political discontent. As the Nazis gained more momentum, they refined their messaging and soared with popularity which included their deeply anti-semetic position which had become maybe even more fortified by the early 1930s.

Hitler was finally sworn in as Reich chancellor and that was kind of the beginning of the end. He used the emergency powers of the republic to effectively seize control of the government and begin a form of martial law. With his paramilitary groups, the brown shirts, SS, storm troopers all were well organized and ready to seize the day. All it took was the Reichstag Fire, which the author agrees was a lone-wolf communist terrorist who started it. The Reichstag Fire decree gave Hitler the excuse he needed to expunge the political landscape of all his political enemies. And the enemies were many: marxist, communists, Catholics, intellectuals, musicians, artists, homosexuals, transexuals, pacifists, scientists and the Jews. The Dachau camp was started early on as a place to banish Nazi political enemies. Somewhere by 1933, Germany became a true one party state. It happened legally and with the consent of a large part of the population, probably around 35%. Social democrats and communists were arrested, tortured and murdered. The Nazi paramilitary had free reign to wreak terror and violence literally everywhere and they did so with impunity. The judiciary became highly Nazi sympathetic. Under the guise of fighting “cultural bolshevism”, book burnings became routine and eventually the burning of bodies became mundane.

This is the story of the rise of Nazi Germany. I would it to sound it happened in a far away and distant time but the truly alarming thing about reading this book was how familiar the political turmoil, the normalizing of political violence, the dehumanizing of political enemies and ultra-nationalism sounds to my ears today.history nonfiction nonfiction-favorites ...more28 s4 comments Michael PerkinsAuthor 5 books419

HOW HITLER’S ENABLERS UNDID DEMOCRACY IN GERMANY

https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/arc...

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"If the experience of the Third Reich teaches us anything, it is that a love of great music, great art and great literature does not provide people with any kind of moral or political immunization against violence, atrocity, or subservience to dictatorship."

“My Struggle (Mein Kampf) has been seen by some historians as a kind of blueprint for Hitler’s later actions, a dangerous and devilish book that was unfortunately ignored by those who should have known better. It was nothing of the kind. The rambling first draft was none the less turgid and tedious, and sold only modest numbers of copies before the Nazis achieved their electoral breakthrough in 1930. After that it became a best-seller, above all during the Third Reich, when not to own a copy was almost an act of treason. Those people who read it, probably a relatively small proportion of those who bought it, must have found it difficult to gain anything from it.”

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This proves true, again. There's a sense of deja vu in reading this book on the Third Reich. It feels so familiar, though the particulars don't exactly match.

“History doesn’t repeat itself, but human nature remains the same.”

? Ken Burns27 s howl of minerva81 444

The current gold-standard survey. Clear and well written. No stunning new insights which is probably a good thing.

Evans argues the collapse of Weimar was inevitable and desired by all parties, left and right. Brüning, Hindenburg and von Papen had already dug its grave and collected the nails. The only question was which form of autocratic government would follow. Of course they thought they could "save themselves from the wolf by inviting him into the sheepfold".

Popular support for Hitler was certainly present but not overwhelming. As the leader of the largest party it was not unreasonable to offer him the chancellorship. After the failed Putsch of 1923 Hitler was careful to stay publicly within the letter of the law (roughly), while simultaneously practicing massive illegal violence through the SA. This curious dual approach was characteristic.

Almost nobody anticipated the sheer brutality of the Nazi consolidation of power after 1933 with the smashing of the left (communists and social democrats), the assimilation of the right and the dismantling of the centre. The only organisation that could possibly have stopped it was the army, but they were quickly co-opted and were largely sympathetic to Nazism.

Emergency legislation particularly after the Reichstag fire gave a veneer of legality to massive curtailment of civil liberties, arbitrary detention etc. (Patriot Act anyone?). By 1934 the Nazis had essentially dismantled the opposition and constructed a one-party state with one man at its head. The Third Reich was born.

history ww1-ww226 s Greg1,120 1,960

This book is an overview of how or why the Third Reich happened. It's a great big sweeping survey with a hundred pages of footnotes and a bibliography to point readers towards just about every fact and source Evans used.

It's a complicated story. Un what my (and maybe your) high school teacher said, it wasn't inflation. It wasn't because the Germans hate Jews, it wasn't because of the Treaty of Versailles, or any other one reason. It was a whole slew of reasons that all came together with the help of a few unfortunate historical accidents and unintentional precedents that allowed Hitler to be chosen as Reich Chancellor and then to carry out a reign of state sponsored terror on his own population to eliminate / neutralize opposition and dissent.

On the optimistic side this book showed how the Nazi's rise to power wasn't a foregone conclusion, and a lot of mistakes had to be made to make the situation just right for it to happen. On the pessimistic side there is nothing in this book that one can safely read and think that behavior of this type is safely in the past, or that one can't see some sadly unfortunate silhouettes of populist rage going on now.

history life-is-shit19 s Nancy398 86

Very readable, comprehensive treatment of the combination of conditions and circumstances that made the Third Reich possible, and the tactical brilliance that took advantage of them and achieved it. At times the running litany of names got tedious and didn't add to overall understanding; I'd have preferred fewer details at times and more analysis. There are no new insights here, 2019-read germany-austria wwii18 s Christopher Saunders958 881

Richard J. Evans’ The Coming of the Third Reich is the first in his trilogy about Nazi Germany, exploring the circumstances which brought about Hitler’s rise to and consolidation of power. Evans tells a familiar story with fresh interpretation and vivid insight. He pommels the old sonderweg theory that Germany was predestined to dictatorship, instead painting a portrait of the nation as a conflicting arena of cultural ideas, from progressive socialists and traditional liberals to reactionary militarists who alternately tolerated and battled each other. Bismarck’s unification policies, Evans argues, set the stage for Germany’s hypernationalism and its veneration of the Fuhrer figure, even as he introduced liberal policies that cemented the welfare state and expanded civil liberties for all Germans, including Jews who were long-integrated into German society while being targets for demagoguery. The First World War destroyed Bismarck’s Second Reich, leaving the country humiliated and looking for enemies to blame: everyone from the milquetoast liberals who formed the Weimar Republic (Friedrich Ebert, the Republic’s first President, receives a layered but largely critical portrait here as a socialist in name only) to the socialists who opposed the war, the communists who tried to jumpstart revolution afterwards and especially Jews, who were blamed for stabbing Germany in the back. Amidst this economic and political turmoil, democracy never found sure footing in Weimar Germany, with its own authors writing in a self-destruction clause (Article 48, granting the President emergency powers) that made dictatorship easier. Adolf Hitler’s National Socialists, originally a fringe Bavarian party, gained attention with a clear message, forceful rhetoric and violent tactics that soon eclipsed other far-right groups. The Republic’s ineffectual efforts to marginalize Hitler only embolden him, while Paul von Hindenburg and his conservative allies view him as a tool to consolidate their own power. Thus the concord between Hindenburg and Hitler in January 1933, which Hindenburg viewed as a way of neutralizing Hitler’s demagogic power. Of course, granting power to a man who loudly proclaimed his intentions for dictatorship proved the last in a series of extremely unwise decisions.

Evans breaks little new ground in revisiting this oft-told story: surely there’s no modern state more written about than the Third Reich. (I prefer the second volume in the series, The Third Reich in Power, for this reason: it covers territory less often explored in popular histories of the Nazis.) A learned reader could level criticisms at Evans for glossing over the First World War or not spending much time on events the Kapp Putsch and the assassination of Walther Rathenau which demonstrated the power of the Far Right long before Hitler. Even so, his book is valuable for demonstrating that, while Weimar was weakened (and perhaps fatally compromised) from the beginning, Hitler’s rise to power was by no means inevitable, but the result of the right (or wrong) collection of circumstances enabling it to happen. As a student of German history, Evans has a feel for the country’s regional, cultural and religious tensions that bely the musings of many lesser writers on the “German character” that supposedly made fascism inevitable. If such a “German character” existed, Evans argues, it was largely a construct that mated 19th Century nationalism and racial theories more than it drew on history. He also demonstrates that the Nazis, even after seizing power, failed to win a majority of votes in the March 1933 elections- they successfully courted their core constituencies (the lower middle class, always susceptible to nationalist appeals clothed in anti-elite populism; businessmen who preferred oppressive order to egalitarian chaos) and neutralized the opposition, which at any rate was hopelessly divided. Evans’ book is still instructive in showing that even a diverse, educated, seemingly liberal country is no less susceptible to fascist appeals than anyone else. An excellent combination of historical synthesis, learned interpretation and compelling narrative.2018-reads 2019-reads 2020-reads ...more19 s Joshie338 73

"The death of democracy in Germany was part of a much broader European pattern in the interwar years; but it also had very specific roots in German history and drew on ideas that were part of a very specific German tradition."

In this sweeping and arching chronicle of history, Richard J. Evans examines every nook and cranny of German society and culture from the looming spectre of the Bismarckian era to the fall of the Weimar Republic in delineating the causes of the rise of The Third Reich. Indeed, it also takes into account the turmoil, the overall attitude prevalent across the European continent when providing complicated answers to the perhaps most boggling and important questions of the 20th century: why did no one stop the Nazi Regime? Why did the German population engage in such silent acquiescence?

With a myriad of cultural anxieties, from the threat of Communism to the perceived collapse of the traditional family due to the First Wave Feminist movement to the perceived unfairness of the stipulations of the Treaty of Versailles to modernism gaining traction across art, literature, and cinema to the 1929 hyperinflation to the Great Depression era, and most of all the 'stabbed-in-the-back' myth after Germany's defeat in the First World War, and conspiracy theories of Jewish domination, Evans never leaves a stone unturned with his lucid narrative-style, where every section is gripping. No reason can be attributed as the single cause of Nazi Germany's seizure of power. Rather, several historical incidents, a tensed political ambience, etc., etc., each of them helped form its inception and strengthen its hold on the already-feeble Weimar Republic. History, unsurprisingly, is also full of complications and contradictions. And interspersed here and there are excerpts from diaries of German citizens, which share a glimpse of both the panic and fanaticism circulating across the masses. The steadily worsening state of every area of German society, with the brandishing of racial hierarchy and distorted Social Darwinism, in the last chapters was a terrifying read. Absolutely accessible for people who has little to limited knowledge on one of the darkest periods in history, The Coming of the Third Reich is an undeniably definitive work.

Since this is only the first volume, I anticipate the next two with eagerness.

(4 ½ out of 5)history non-fiction personal-library15 s Hadrian438 251

The first volume of a three-volume overview of the history of Nazi Germany. Evans balances several factors in his narrative - the expected story of political struggles in Berlin and the economic crises of hyperinflation and the Great Depression - he also includes some sections on personal diaries and narratives. He is also sure to include the institutional continuations between Imperial and Weimar Germany, and the importance of "scientific racism" in Nazi thinking.

He starts with Bismarck. The success of the Nazis is partly based upon the survival of conservative political elites from the Wilhelmine period, the intense distrust towards the Social Democrats and anybody to the left of them, and thinking about the pre-war period as a baseline for a 'normal' peacetime society. As Evans also starts from so far back, he also emphasizes political and economic emergencies.

In this story, the Nazis appear as a reluctant choice for many voters. In his telling, a non-Nazi political majority - which is still atrociously anti-Semitic and nationalist but not committed to the bodge of National Socialism - voted for them in winter 1932, and then were forced into conformity or obedience by spring 1933.

This is only the first part of the set, so I'll end my comments here. germany history nonfiction13 s Andrew656 206

The Coming of the Third Reich, by Richard J. Evans, is a book on the origins of the Nazi Party in Germany. The book is quite innovative in that it doesn't start with Hitler or any other central party figure. Instead, Evans starts with the development of the Nazi ideology, and how it was present throughout Germany far before the Nazi's arrived in mainstream Weimar politics.

Pan-Germanism was a central theme of Nazi ideology, and this ideal was present throughout Germany, Austria-Hungary, and other areas with a German presence before the Nazi's conception. Anti-Semitism was also a central tenant, and this ideal was popular even amongst the more mainstream political parties in the Weimar Republic, as it was a popular sentiment among many average German's suffering under economic hardship during the turbulent 1920's and 30's.

Evans details the rise of ideals such as the above, and charters them in there inception and adoption by Nationalist German extremists and far right politicians.

Hitler does enter the narrative, but only later, after the basis of Nazi ideology is explained. Evans charters the turbulent background of many of the Nazi parties founders and supporters, and their rise and demise as the party comes increasingly into mainstream politics.

The Nazi's political prowess should not be forgotten. The Party was able to move from fringe extremism to mainstream politics in the span of a decade, and soon was able to take control of and dismantle the Weimar democracy through the use of coalition politics, violence and public appeal. Hitler's rise to part leader is also interesting, as he moves from struggling artist to fringe extremist to mainstream politician in an equally short period. Evans also discusses the other nationalist groups, such as the Steel Helmets, a paramilitary veteran group and military wing of the Nazi's sometimes coalition partner, the Nationalist Party.

Evans also details the fraught social tension that marked the inception of the Nazi Party. National unification and humiliation occurred within a span of less than a century, as Bismark's Prussia won a series of victories over Austria and France to form the German state. This was followed by WWI, where the German's lost and were forced into a nationally humiliating Treaty of Versailles, which was seen by many German's (especially military veterans) as a stab in the back. This led to scapegoating the Jews and other minority groups, as well as labour and communist forces active within Germany. These tensions between ethnic groups and political ideologies led to the creation of paramilitary street gangs, the Brown Shirts of the Nazi's. the SS and the Steel Helmets on the right, and the Red Front and Reichsbanner on the left. These groups often fought pitched battles, harassed voters, and engaged in political intrigue and assassination to further their goals.

Traditionally conservative elements of the police force, military and civil service began to actively collude with right wing and Nationalist elements to undermine the Weimar democracy in the late 1920's and early 1930's, as the electoral success of the communist party continued to worry traditionalists who longed for a return to centralized state authority and a strong dictatorial leader. This gave the formerly extremist Nazi's room to maneuver and manipulate their way into power.

Evan's book is quite excellent, and covers every aspect of the Nazi's rise in extreme detail. This is most often a strength, but sometimes a weakness if he begins a topic you may find uninteresting. For me, this was the final chapter or so, which primarily covered Goebels propaganda department and its power over German society. I did enjoy the detail on political intrigue during this period, however.

All things considered, this is a detailed and innovative look at the destruction of the Weimar democracy, and rise of a fascist dictatorship during the 1920's and 30's in Germany. Evan's does not focus on any one thing, and offers no concrete thesis to try and up the historical ante, so to speak. Instead, he has crafted a masterful history, rich in detail and narrative to see why and how something as heinous as the Nazi Party ever attained power. This is an excellent book and I would highly recommend it. european-history germany11 s fourtriplezed 497 112

Superb. I am not sure that there are better works I have read on the rise to power of the Nazi's. history world-war-211 s Maureen726 100

Every question I had about how and why Hitler was able to rise to prominence and so swiftly overtake not just the political but also the cultural, educational, and military institutions in Germany has been answered. Drawing upon documents that were only released after the downfall of the U.S.S.R. as well as other newly discovered source materials, Evans has written a new benchmark by which all other histories of the rise of Nazism will be measured.

Evans demonstrates an ability that every good historian must possess: to to navigate through myriad potential sidelines without giving in to the temptation to lose the thread of his assigned topic. From the Bismarckian Reich through the postwar Treaty of Versailles that laid Germany low after the 1914-18 War, to the disastrous period of the Weimar Republic, and on through to Hitler's rise to Reich Chancellor on January 30, 1933 and the ensuing six months when the Nazi Party consolidated its power and began the persecution of the Jews in earnest, it is possible for the lay reader to comprehend the almost staggering scope of events, philosophies, and ideas which this book encapsulates.

Very highly recommended.history nazism non-fiction ...more10 s Dimitri868 224

do we need another book on the rise of Hitler? While many of the facts are known, Evans rekindles a sense of evitability to the course of events. The Weimar republic scored some notable successes in international politics, such as its entry into the League of Nations. Pre-war anti-Semitism & the idea of Lebensraum by military conquest had been marginal sentiments in Imperial Germany. A general coa
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