A lot of children’s librarians started out as English majors. I’m not surprising anyone with this information, of course. And I’m no different than anyone else. When I was in college I dutifully went through my paces, learning such extraordinary new English terms as phallocentric patriarchy, post-colonial literature, magical realism, and more. That last one, magical realism, was the one that tended to flummox me. What precisely did it mean? I understood the definition you can now find on Wikipedia these days (portraying, “fantastical events in an otherwise realistic tone”) but where did the line fall between what was fantasy and what was magical realism? As I grew up and became a children’s librarian, this question followed me. I discovered that while most books for kids fall squarely into that “Fantasy” genre, there is the odd, occasional exception. Max in the House of Spies is an almost perfect example. Here we have WWII spy antics, hungry kangaroos, and a hero determined against all odds to help his parents, even if that means fooling Nazis. It also has two immortal creatures clinging to our hero’s shoulders, a Greek chorus consisting entirely of a pint-sized Statler and Waldorf. I doubt anyone would disagree with me that this book is a fine example of magical realism. The real question then becomes, did it have to be?

Max is not happy. He’s an unwilling Kindertransport refugee, having been sent from Germany by his loving parents to London to stay with whatever family will take him in. Max is Jewish and separated now from his mother and father he’s incredibly worried. Those two are the people Max had sworn to protect (even though he’s just a kid himself). Vowing to find some way to return, Max is soon to discover that the family that has taken him in has distinct connections to Britain’s intelligence agencies. Now Max has a new goal: Become a spy for the British so that he can be sent back to Germany as soon as possible. Oh. And one more thing. He has two immortal creatures, a dybbuk named Stein and a kobold named Berg, permanently stuck to his shoulders for, potentially, the rest of his life. What could go wrong?

Now Adam Gidwitz isn’t being easy on himself when writing this book. He could easily have gone a sloppier route and written something relatively formless in the vein of the Spy School series n’ such. Instead, he’s willing to grapple with enough complexity to feel authentic, but not so much he loses his child readers along the way. Take, for example, the degree to which the adults are on board with Max’s plan to become an Allied spy against Germany. Each responsible adult in the book is vehemently opposed to this plan. Not only is this more believable, but it also makes each one of those adults more inherently sympathetic. No mean task! Then there are the other complications. Gidwitz gets amazingly complicated in the character of Uncle Ivor, a defiant communist at a time when Stalin was not in favor in England. I d very much the different aspects of his character. Finally, Adam takes time to acknowledge that while fighting Nazis (a downright heroic thing to do) the English also had their own fair number of anti-Semites and history of colonialism to contend with. Two characters in the book, Max’s schoolmate Harold, whose family hails from India, and Sergeant Toby Thompson from Trinidad (with ample time taken to explain the Trinidadian Revolution) don’t get much page time, but when they do appear they are three-dimensional characters quick to puncture any glorified idealism you might have about England itself. It’s a bold choice for any writer, but Gidwitz makes it work.

I spies, sure, but my favorite genre for kids can pretty much be summed up as “clever kids being clever”. Max certainly falls into that category, since time and again Gidwitz makes sure that the reader can see Max outsmarting bullies of various shapes and sizes. Honestly, I’ve been trying to think of Max’s literary predecessors in this respect. Which is to say, seemingly powerless kids that through wit, cunning, and/or sheer audacious intelligence keep wicked adults on the ropes. Peter Pan, alas, fits the bill and so do Maniac Magee and Styx Malone. It’s interesting, but normally this kind of character is met secondhand. The narrator will be a veritable Nick Carraway to their Gatsbys. Gidwitz, in contrast, makes Max our hero and doesn’t separate from him. How does he make that work? Enter the dybbuk and the kobol.

So my current working theory about Stein and Berg is that they serve as one of the few methods Gidwitz has at his disposal to enter the mind of his hero. Since Max travels on his own to England, he has no friend or close companion to confide in. The closest thing he has are these two spirits. But really, more than anything else they’re stand-ins for the child readers. When Max does something we don’t understand, the spirits kvetch to an amazing degree. They spell out what we, the readers, are thinking ourselves. But this begs the obvious question: Are they necessary?

I wrestled with this very question for a while with this book. As far as I was concerned, Gidwitz has conjured up a cracking good spy thriller. Granted it’s clearly the first in a series (it ends just as he enters Germany again) but the spy lessons that Max has to participate in are sublime. I’ll be honest and tell you that though maybe Berg and Stein fulfill some greater purpose in future titles involving Max, here they could come right out. Oh sure, there is admittedly a moment near the end where one of the spirits proves its usefulness to Max on his current trajectory. This moment is foreshadowed earlier in the book when Max is asking the spirits to tell him a piece of information he couldn’t possibly know, so that he can verify it and know that he isn’t going mad. But beyond that, the only other reason I could imagine Gidwitz included them was to say something about a spirit of Germany that preceded the Germans, and had a magic of its own. Who’s to say? All I can note is that if they bug you, don’t worry. Stick with the book. Max, you’ll find them easy enough to ignore over time.

Without a doubt, Max’s training sequences in this book are the best of the best. Bar none, my favorite parts to read. And if you glimpse the backmatter included in this book, you’ll see the author did his homework in this regard. It ends far too soon, but that just means kids will be clambering for more when a sequel is produced. And who knows? Maybe they’ll the kobold and dybbuk more than I did. Gidwitz appears to be having fun with this book, and a writer who knows how to have fun is a writer who knows how to get kids to have fun reading their books. Fun, fact-filled, exciting, and unafraid to ask the tough questions, dip deep into this one when you can. Then get ready to want to read the next one immediately.
adventure-novels diverse funny-fiction ...more15 s1 comment RachelAnne661 72

4.5 Reviewed from ARC. The letter at the beginning of this book is key to framing it. This is an attempt to explore two questions: Why do Antisemites hate Jews? and How can a nation give itself over to a lie? Gidwitz does an amazing job of putting his investigation into a plot that is more adventurous than brooding. I appreciate that he avoids the binary of casting the Germans as evil and the British as virtuous egalitarians. British colonialism and bigotry are rife, and they are called out. He also does a credible job of working his way around the “adults wouldn’t let kids do that” pitfall of the juvenile spy genre. In part, this was accomplished because, as Uncle Ivor told Max, the individuals in power were all-too-willing to see people as tools and use them accordingly. Few people treated Max as a real person, rather than some sort of symbol. I’m not sure how much the dybbuk and kobold added to the story; they were wryly observant commentators but not active characters, which was a little disappointing. I’m still processing that ending, and I think I will be for a long time. The publisher information says gr. 3-7, but I do think that’s a disservice to the book and readers. Setting aside the horror and violence, very few third or fourth graders will have the background knowledge and appreciation of moral nuance to begin making sense of this complex story. Readers in grades 5-8 are lier to find a haunting resonance.7 s Beth Anne1,307 138

I went into this book pretty blind because I love spy stories and middle grade books and this sounded the perfect combination. Very early on we find out that the main character, Max, while being transported to England in 1939 against his wishes (because he's Jewish and his family's business has been closed following Kristallnacht) has two immortal creatures on his shoulders, a kobold and a dybbuk. The reader is given details about them, how they can talk to Max and he to them without anyone else hearing or seeing, but otherwise this book is straight historical fiction. It's quite an odd mashup and I spent the first 50 pages or so uncertain if it would work for me. Max is highly adaptable and his acceptance of Berg and Stein actually made it pretty easy for me to just accept them too.

I loved following Max as he navigates England. He's living with a Jewish family that is persecuted in different ways and he really struggles to find where he fits in. I don't want to tell too much about the actual spy portions of this story, but trust me when I say that Max proves that he is resourceful and clever, and that he is willing to risk all to try and get back to Germany and save his parents.

This has been set up as a duoology, which is quite possibly my favorite kind of series. It gives the reader a book of setup and a chance to get to know the characters, but ends with a cliff hanger, and instead of muddling through a middle book where not enough happens, we will (hopefully) pick back up with the action and speed to the finish line in book 2.

I think this is a book that will have wide appeal for middle graders and make for a great family read aloud on so many levels.

I've thought about this book nonstop since finishing. I think that its one I'll reread, probably before the second book releases, and might just bump it up to 5 stars.2024 historical-fiction middle-grade ...more4 s EmilyAuthor 1 book627

I was RIVETED by this story. Spies and intrigue make for excellent reading, but even more so, I love that the author frames this story with a note at the beginning explaining that this is a book about asking and exploring two big questions - Why do people hate Jews? and How can a whole country believe a big lie? The author did a great job building a story that worked to enthrall readers while also getting them to ponder and think about these big questions.

Max is a great protagonist to follow - he is smart but makes some very questionable choices. Sent to England to England on the brink of war on the Kindertransport, he is worried about his parents back in Berlin. Fitting in in England is also a challenge. He is still learning the language and his accent makes him stand out. But as I said, he is a smart and determined kid, so he puts all of his efforts into finding a way to prove that he is a capable spy so the government will send him back to Berlin.

The adults in this book range in helpful to infuriating. Some want what is best for Max, while others, particularly those working for the government, see Max as nothing more than a useful tool in their mission to win the war.

Oh, and did I mention that there is a fantastical element? When Max leaves Germany, he doesn't leave alone - he is followed by two mythical beings: a kobold and a dybbuk. No one but Max can see or hear them, and they are a sort of Statler and Waldorf, heckling and commentating on everything that is happening to Max. They lend some comic relief to a very distressing and sometimes disturbing story.

And the cliffhanger at the end left me reeling! I need to know what happens next. I'm very much looking forward to the conclusion!

While this is a middle grade book, I think I would recommend it for the older end of that range - 10 and up. There is a lot of nuance and background that is useful to understand and get the most out of this story.arcs3 s1 comment Liesl ShurtliffAuthor 12 books680 Read

Adam Gidwitz is a master storyteller, and a genius at tackling tough topics with clarity, sincerity, humility, perfect doses of wit and humor, and regard for every human experience. This books has everything and something for everyone. A great read for middle schoolers that would surely prompt valuable discussion that relates to current events. Can’t wait for the second book! 3 s3 comments Monica EdingerAuthor 6 books345

terrific! can’t wait for the sequel 3 s Lee303 2

"But Ewen is a slave to the stories he tells himself. I suppose everyone is, really."
Max said, "Huh?"
(...)
"We Brits tell ourselves stories 'We are bringing Christian brotherhood to the world' while we enslave other human beings. We tell ourselves stories 'We are bringing the masses freedom!'... while we get an entire continent addicted to opium. ... One of the worst crimes in history, if you ask me..."
Max asked. "Worst in history? Worse than the Nazis?"
"How do you compare crimes that? I would hazard the Nazis are the worst, if you pressed me. The stories they tell are even more evil than the British ones. Most of the time..."
(...)
Max studied Uncle Ivor. ... A hundred thoughts drifted through Max's mind. About the stories we tell ourselves. And each other.
Another word for stories, Max thought, is lies.

"Do the English use propaganda?" Max wanted to know.
"We do," Ewen admitted. "We use it against the enemy, and we use it to rally our people, I admit. But it's to rally our people so we're not overrun by Nazi bombers and tanks! Not quite the same thing!"
(...)
Max said to Stein and Berg, "Is Ewen lying? About the way the English use propaganda?"
Stein replied, "In my experience, which spans all of human existence, you humans lie to everyone, all the time. Even yourselves."
Ewen continued, "...That's Hitler, mind you, not me. He goes on to say that it's the Jews who tell these big lies, whereas he will always tell the truth." Ewen's voice dripped with sarcasm when he said that. "But one thing to keep in mind, Max, is that a liar will always accuse his enemies of doing exactly what he himself is doing."
And Max thought, You mean a British officer telling me that only the Nazis tell big lies?

I honestly didn't expect this book to do much for me. WWII is a subject that's been written about to Pluto and back, and while I'm not going to say that's a bad thing, I will say there's a level of numbness that comes from seeing it over and over. So I only picked this up because I have a friend who loves Gidwitz, and I got a copy of the book in a free giveaway at a local bookstore.

But this isn't a WWII book. Or rather, it's not just that. It's a story about the danger of the stories we tell ourselves. The violence, destruction, chaos, and despair that the human condition is willing and able to impose on another person. A whole group of people. The book takes the modern reader gently by the shoulders and goes "you know those stories you believe about yourself, your cause, your country? Are they true? Are they hiding something much darker? Are you comfortable with what lies beneath?" But it does it in such a way that it doesn't feel historical characters are preaching to a modern audience, or even that historical characters hold modern sentiments. It feels real. It's authentic. It displays in gentle, powerful detail just how important stories are in the world. Both the true ones and the fictions. And especially the fictions.

And it's also a story about a clever refugee boy with two metaphysical beings living on his shoulders because that's just a fun time.2 s Kary H.310

Adam Gidwitz better be writing the sequel quickly because I can’t WAIT for book 2!! (Also can’t wait to book talk this to kids.)middle-grade-historical-fiction2 s Dan1,110 107

My oldest and I loved this one. We can't wait to read book two! middle-grade newbery-contenders2 s Esther Keller278 2

I did love the style of the narration and the premise of the book was interesting. But this was too much of a "set up" novel. I would definitely pick up the sequel and am waiting for my son's opinion.adventure fantasy historical-fiction ...more2 s Lori Emilson528

It’s easy to feel empathy for Max, an 11-year-old Jewish boy from Berlin, who is sent on the Kindertransport to England for his safety. But all Max wants to do is to get back to his parents, and so he sets out to return to Berlin as a spy for Britain.

Historical fiction is my favourite genre, and WWII my favourite era to read about, so a 5-star rating is not a huge leap. However, Max is so able, clever and brave, that one can’t be helped by being drawn into this story as Max begins his plan to get back home in a time when it’s dangerous and heartbreaking being Jewish. The two sarcastic beings (a kobold and a dybbuk) who live on his shoulders add a funny aspect to a difficult topic.

This would make a super read aloud for Gr 5+, or a book club or independent read for Gr. 6+. Thanks to Adam Gidwitz, NetGalley and Penguin Random House for the advance copy in exchange for an honest review. Can’t wait for the sequel in this planned duology.middle-grade-books2 s Anne1,238 1 follower

I had really high hopes for this one but alas, its inaccurate view of the British people, the complete revisionist history and the confusing mythology woven into this book has made me unwilling to recommend to anyone.

Firstly, in the introduction, Gidwitz talks about unlearning everything you know about WWII including the concentration camps, but then a few pages in, the Monatgu family talks about the terrible condition of the concentration camps.
-the British are portrayed as scheming capitalists (including the Jewish ones), who are only slightly better than the Nazis.
-a Trinidadian character claims that the ONLY reason the British abolished the slave trade was because it was no longer profitable. He works for the British even though he hates them.

All around, this book made me really uncomfortable. It did motivate me to research the strikes in Trinidad of 1937 and the American sit-in’s of that same year. However, the way Gidwitz writes about the British people as well as capitalism itself, is really infuriating.

Definitely don’t recommend this book.
2 s Laura177 2

So good, and it is the first book in what looks will be a series. This series reminds me of the old Don Sturdy or Tom Swift books. It isn’t the typical WWII novel so it was easier for me to read. Looking forward to the next one.2 s Paris (parismaereads)77 48

4.5 stars but I rounded up because WOW!!! I am thoroughly impressed with this book. Gidwitz portrays very serious and mature content in a way that tweens can grasp. He balances the seriousness of the time period and situations with silly sarcastic banter from a pair of immortal, invisible characters that find a new home on the shoulders of Max, the 12yr old boy main character. As Max leaves Nazi Germany with other Jewish children heading toward refuge in England, the pair of unly travel companions give much needed comedic relief to tense situations and heavy plot developments.

The topics in this book are mature, as they should be, children lived through and experienced first hand the evil of the third reich and nazi germany. Propaganda is discussed at length throughout the book, with the lines blurred, as they would have been in that day for a Jewish German tween. Racism is another main theme throughout the plot, it shows up in bullying, propaganda, identity questioning (the ww2 kind, not the modern day woke kind) and more. Additionally, it touches on the Jewish faith, religion, and mysticism throughout the book. The main character deals with antisemitism, bullying, war, death, separation and much more with stoicism and courage.

While this book is marketed to ages 9-12, I think some discernment should be shown depending on the reader. Some children may be able to handle it, some may not. Additionally, this could be a really great book to read simultaneously with your child and discuss themes and topics after each chapter.

Content warnings: language (2 instances of the D word), death, first hand retelling of krystalnacht, other mature WW2 themes.

This is the first book in a duology, one that I plan to own for myself. I think this is an amazing story help introduce late middle and early high school aged readers to the WW2 historical fiction in a way that brings to life the seriousness of that time period in history.1 Rob62 9

So, The 12-year-old kid inside my head was screaming at me to get this book. I got it and wanted to read it because I thought it would be silly, fun and I thought it would take my mind off of things for a while after reading some heavy duty books.


Well it was more hokey than silly and more serious than fun. I am sure that the tweens would it more than I did. Because it's not that bad of a book.
It just didn't accomplice the things that I wanted it to do.

Max Bretzfeld is 12 years old and he lives in Berlin, Germany. Germany is becoming dangerous for Jewish families and Max's parents. So Max's mother sends him to England so he could be safe and out of Germany through a program to keep kids safe, basically from the Nazis.

On his journey to England he discovers he now has two travelers on each shoulder named Berg and Stein ( let's just call them gnomes for the sake of argument). They are more of an annoyance than any help to Max except towards the end of the book.

While in England, Max learns how to become a spy at the age of 12 to infiltrate a German radio station where propaganda is being sent out over the air waves.

The book ends abruptly leaving Max alone in Germany - desperately trying to find his parents that he left behind and to use his spy skills that he learned in training in England. We never find out what happens at the end of the book but I understand this is part one of a duo in the series.

Again, this was not that bad of a book and knowing me I will probably read the second one just to find out what happens to Max and his family.1 ElizabethAuthor 83 books173

A rollicking spy story, the first in a duology, about a German Jewish boy brought to England on a Kindertransport. Max is a genius with radios so comes to the attention of the British intelligence service. The author doesn’t flinch from telling the truth about the rampant anti-semitism in Britain and France during World War II. For example, no country was willing to take in adult Jews which is why so many children were sent off alone to other countries. This is the best kind of historical fiction, a book that is incredibly well researched, but one in which the research serves the story rather than the other way around. The author acknowledges the work of Ben McIntyre, who is the most fascinating writer about spies during World War II, both in England and Europe. Looking forward to book number two where Max will carry out his secret mission deep in Germany.children-s-books1 Mary2,982 11

This is the first of two books about Max Bretzfeld, a clever and resourceful Jewish boy. It is 1939 and 11-year old Max has just arrived in London via the Kindertransport. His parents are still in Berlin because they were not allowed to go with him, but the hope is that they will be reunited soon. However, Max is not alone; he is joined by a German kobold and Jewish dybbuk. This is Max's story about becoming a spy and returning to Germany. A wonderful story that's a lot of historical fiction and a dash of fantasy and humor that is both inspiring, insightful and impossible to put down. Don't miss the author's notes at the back! A great story!024familyreadaloud 024fiction-nonfiction family-read-aloud ...more1 BoniAuthor 9 books72

4.5 stars rounded up. I didn’t love Stein and Berg (but they were easy to skim over and ignore starting about half-way through), but the rest was a fantastic kid-spy caper. Couldn’t put it down, can’t wait to hand to kids. Curious if they’ll Stein and Berg. I think the magical element kind of muddles the story unnecessarily. But that cliffhanger ending! How long do we have to wait for the sequel??chapter-mg1 Nancycampbell145 1 follower

Fast-paced historical spy thriller, with a touch of magic. Gidwitz takes his readers to spy school with 12 year old Max, and it's a ton of fun. There are also serious undertones to the story, as the author doesn't spare his reader from the dangers to Jewish families in Nazi Germany. This book is the first of a duology, and it will be hard to wait for the second book. Gidwitz is one of my favorite middle grade authors and he does not disappoint in this riveting adventure. 1 Maria23 1 follower

Can’t believe I have to wait for the next book to find out what happens!1 Caroline1,127 12

This may be an unpopular opinion, but hopefully not, but I find this book just about perfect. Adam Gidwitz is so talented it isn't even funny, and he has created a book un any other I've read.2024 adventure historical-fiction ...more1 Laura Thomas167 4

The entire book feels development, but we never got a story.1 Krissy Otten2 2

This story ended with such an unexpected cliffhanger I wanted to immediately start reading the next title -- the only problem is I read an ARC copy!

Max in the House of Spies is exciting and kept me wanted to know what will happen next. I can't wait to add this book to our middle school library. I anticipate that the kids will love it. 1 Sameer Rajakumar93 2

This is a thought provoking book that has a dash of magic which is a World War ll story from debut author @AdamGidwitz , it’s fast paced, hilarious , & Euan Morton brings the audiobook to life with his superb narration. 5/5 ??’s for me.1 Deke MoultonAuthor 2 books73

Oh my goodness what a ride from start to finish. Such a perfectly crafted book. Do not let this one slip past you.1 Jackie Manz31

I read the ARC of this book as a favor to our librarian so she could put it on the shelf (a rule in Texas public schools). Even though I teach sixth grade, I’m
not a fan of middle grade literature, however I loved this book!

Max is a likable character and Gidwitz does a great job of putting colorful adult characters in as well. He grapples with tough settler-colonialism , but not in a way that will frighten young readers. Hopefully it is just blatant enough to make them curious to want to learn more. I was flabbergasted at the ending, and I hope Follett puts the second one out quickly! As an earlier reviewer pointed out, I’m not sure the purpose of the goblins on his shoulder, but they made for good humor. I think they would be fantastic if it was a movie. 1 Megyn308 8

Max in the House of Spies is a story about Max, a young boy from Germany who is Jewish during the 1940s. When things started to get dangerous for the German Jewish people, Max's parents send him to England for his safety. He stays with a family and then tries to become a spy to get back to Berlin to reunite with his parents.

I thought this book was just ok. I d the concept and the time period. I think this is an important time period for children to learn about. And what kid doesn't love a spy story? There are also bits of magical realism throughout that were fun elements. Kids will definitely enjoy the little guys on Max's shoulders throughout the story. The characters were also fun and interesting.

My biggest complaint is that I just felt bored during a big part of it. I don't know if it was the pacing or what but something just dragged on for me. I wish there was more action sooner or the book itself was shorter.

I do think this is an important story to tell and I would recommend to children looking for spy stories or something about WWII.

Thanks so much to netgalley and PENGUIN GROUP Penguin Young Readers Group, Dutton Books for Young Readers for the arc of this book in exchange for an honest review. While I didn't love this one, I think a lot of kids will. arcs1 Ms. Yingling2,387 491

ARC provided by Edelweiss Plus

True to Gidwitz's style of mixing historical occurences with fantasy elements. Purchase if his The inquisitor's tale, or, The three magical children and their holy dog is popular, and you want a similar treatment of WWII events. 1 M. Lauritano90 14

I saw a lot of buzz for this new Gidwitz novel, so I decided to check it out. Max in the House of Spies is about a WW2 refugee Jewish boy in England who decides to become a spy in order to get back home to his parents. He also happens to have a kobold and a dybbuk invisibly riding his shoulders and providing commentary for his whole adventure. This was a fun book, although there were a few downsides.

The chunk of the novel that involves learning spycraft is excellent and best matches the pitched premise. And it’s even better reading the back matter, realizing all the characters Max interacts with are based on real people. There is so much care put into the research for this book, so many little facts and anecdotes picked to bring the world to life for a young (or young at heart) reader. I think that is where Gidwitz excels as a writer, at his best, it feels he is genuinely, passionately interested in the story he is telling.

Unfortunately, this deliberate authenticity also extends to scenes of antisemitism. While it is arguably important that kids understand what it was back then, and how analogous some of these moments might be to other oppressed minorities today, it can be difficult to read. Even though Max is shown to get different sorts of comeuppance from his bullies, both German and English, I came away from these sections frustrated and angry and sad. Maybe I have been looking at too much depressing news lately and it has affected my ability to stomach excessive cruelty in middle grade fiction?

My real problem with this book is the ending. Maybe if I had known going in that this was a duology, I would have been less frustrated. The story ends quite abruptly and dramatically with a cliffhanger. I knew there was not too much left in the book so I kept wondering how Max’s mission in Berlin would go. Very smoothly and quickly completed? Or cancelled? Because everything the protagonist is expected to do is laid out to the reader, it feels it will happen before the book comes to a close. Maddeningly, no. I realize this means I am invested enough that I want to read the following book, but it could have been ended in a more respectful place where I came away satisfied with just a hint of what was to come. Instead it reads a dramatic television season finale. Infuriating! This experience made me want to rate it three stars, but ultimately appreciation overtook frustration.

One final little note here: I listened to the audiobook and the narrator, Euan Morton, was so good. Balancing a lot of different accents, genders, and emotions, he never faltered. Especially fun was his rendition of Stein and Berg, the shoulder guys, who he really brought to life. Especially Stein. Some other reviewers felt these characters were unnecessary and I had been asking that question as well. But by the end of the story, I think I laughed at them more than not. This probably was somewhat due to Morton’s top quality narration. Tammie Mighton25

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